Deep Commentary

These two verses were taught by the Buddha at Jetavana Monastery, concerning the ascetics of the Jain and other non-Buddhist traditions. One day, the monks observed the Nigantha ascetics and commented that they were easier to look at than the completely nude Acelaka ascetics, since the Niganthas wore a small piece of cloth. The Niganthas explained that they did not cover themselves out of shame, but to prevent harming living beings in the dust. Some monks agreed; others did not, and the matter was brought to the Buddha. The Buddha said: whoever feels shame when none is due, and fails to feel shame when it is warranted, will suffer in the future. Shame is a noble human quality. Without it, humans are little different from animals. When committing an unwholesome act or offending someone’s honor, feeling genuine shame allows one to correct behavior, either openly apologizing or quietly resolving not to repeat the mistake. Both display self-respect and moral character. Human worth comes from ethical conduct, not status or wealth. Those in high position or rich but uncivil and unethical are not respected; only those acting morally are esteemed. Verse 316 teaches that people often feel shame where there is none, and hide what is shameful. Those unaware of their errors hold false views, clinging to delusions, creating unwholesome karma and suffering, leading eventually to rebirth in hell. In contrast, those with right view act ethically, generating wholesome karma and experiencing happiness. Fear often arises where none is warranted, and fails to arise where it is needed. Unnecessary fear stems from a disturbed mind, while true danger comes from creating unwholesome karma, which perpetuates the cycle of birth and suffering. To be free from fear, death, and suffering, one must practice generosity, ethical conduct, meditation, mindfulness, and benefit both self and others, preparing a clear path of wholesome actions that yield lasting happiness and spiritual progress.